An Investigation into the Effects of Force Applied During Deposition on Latent Fingermarks and Inked Fingerprints Using a Variable Force Fingerprint Sampler

Physical factors, including the magnitude of the force applied during fingermark deposition, may affect friction ridge surface
area and clarity, and the quantity of residue transferred. Consistency between fingermarks may be required; for example, in research projects,
yet differences between marks are likely to exist when physical factors are not controlled. Inked fingerprints and latent fingermarks were deposited
at 1–10 N at 1 N increments using a variable force fingerprint sampler to control the force, angle of friction ridge and surface contact, and
the duration of friction ridge and surface contact. Statistically significant differences existed between the length and width measurements of the
inked prints (p ≤ 0.05), particularly at lower forces. Scanning electron microscopy and surface plot analysis demonstrated how differences in
force applied during deposition affected ridge surface area, displacement of latent residue, and differences in the quantity of residue transferred.
Consistency between inked prints was demonstrated at equivalent forces.