Health System Factors in Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis: A HEADSpAcE Consortium Qualitative Study in Glasgow and Montevideo

Background
Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) is a devastating diagnosis, with advanced stage disease leading to poorer outcomes. This qualitative study aimed to identify health system factors associated with stage of HNC diagnosis.

Methods
Qualitative semi-structured interviews with HNC patients and clinicians were undertaken in two purposively selected regional cancer centres in Scotland and Uruguay. Transcripts were analysed thematically via Template Analysis, utilising conventional cancer diagnostic intervals and a systems engineering model of how patient and organisational outcomes emerge from complex interactions.

Results
16 health system themes and 45 sub-themes were identified from 29 interviews. Themes important for timely diagnosis included: public awareness of risk/symptoms; patient ability to access and navigate through HNC pathways; socioeconomic/geographic inequalities; and ways of working between healthcare teams.

Conclusions
Health system factors associated with diagnostic stage were identified across centres and participant groups that could inform service changes to support earlier stage diagnosis of HNC.