Technical note: Parameters of bloodstain pattern spatial reconstruction in manual vs. computer-aided data acquisition

Abstract
This study compares the accuracy and precision of manual and computer-aided methods in bloodstain pattern analysis using equine blood under controlled conditions. Manual measurements by experienced analysts were compared to those obtained with FARO Zone 3D (FZ3D). Manual readings of single bloodstains showed higher variability and lower accuracy, while FZ3D improved angle calculations due to enhanced precision. Differences in determining the area of convergence and origin were minimal, but FZ3D offered greater workflow efficiency and data visualization. The findings highlight the need for independent validation of BPA methods and support integrating computer-aided techniques for more accurate, efficient forensic analyses.